Comparing and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy Essay Example

Comparing and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy Essay In today’s modern society, as many countries have been developing very fast, the technologies are reaching high standards of level, for example, the high qualities weed killers and the liquid cleaner. However, as the big invention occurring, the more and more mistakes will be going on, because some technologies, such as weed killer and liquid cleaners are chemicals. With no doubt, chemicals are really harmful for human beings. As people all know that, toxic chemicals are used in the industries, which have to be safely covered and provide very serious use instruction, such as wearing long gloves, safety shoes or masks. However, even the chemicals are under several instructions, but people may have made some serious mistakes which caused a huge damage and large amount of death to people. In this essay, I am going to write about the two disasters that caused a lot of injures by the explosion of poisonous chemicals, which located in India and Italy. According to Shrivastava (1996), on the night of 2/3 December 1984, an enormous accident happened in Bhopal, India, the highly poisonous and unbalanced chemical gas was escaped from the factory and continue to spread over the city which caused by the lack of the attention and care ness. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Apart from that, Marchi and Funtowicz and Ravetz (1996) states that in the 10 July 1976, a powerful weed killer which named 245T was exploded in a small town which located near Milan, the 245T contained the most powerful and toxic chemicals, it can kill any live stocks and human very easily, the accident was caused by man made unmanaged instructions and the toxic dioxin was spilled to the atmosphere. Between these two accidents, they were all caused by people not nature. Unlikely, these two took places in different period and locations. Luke (1984) believed that the Bhopal accident was caused by the ignorance of experts. This factory was built in a crowded population environment, and because they against the rule of US safety standard, too much amount of MIC was contained in the store and due to the huge quantity of it, the tank was not strong enough to hold the chemical, as the safety manual required at o degree, the safety system was broken down and water leaking in to it and set off the reaction. The chemicals were released into the air. Bhopal and Seveso were similar in that, according to Marchi Funtowicz Ravetz (1996) because of the unmanaged instructions and the ignorance, the disasters had a substantial damage and effect. According to Gail (2003), the Indian Government made a great effort in trying to manipulate the situation, yet all their attempts failed to provide the sufficient supply of medical services and food supply. There was not enough place for all the injured people to get medical treatment. That is because of the large number of injuries and the lack of doctors and medicine. Added to this, doctors at Bhopal had no idea of what kind of affection they were dealing with. Unfortunately, most people arrived at the hospital when it was too late, others died while waiting for their tern to see a doctor. Similar to Bhopal, Seveso suffered from lack of immediate responses and from ignorance of what exactly happened and what gases were released. Late decisions of evacuation and other responses were made, after the government first move of realizing and defining the accident and its possible consequences. B. De Marchi, S. Funtowicz, and J. Ravetz (1996), believe that Seveso had a better response than Bhopal, when a comparison between the two disasters were made. The Italian Government had more ability to absorb the affects in a shorter period of time. Unlike Bhopal, the process of recovery was reasonably good, due to the smaller affects, less damage and the high financial capability. There were compensations to victims, redeployment to people lost their jobs and there was some control on health long-term effects by monitoring them through a practical planned program. The main difference between the effects of the accidents at Bhopal and Seveso is that many people died at Bhopal, whereas there was no any death cases reported in any article at Seveso. Death is considered a short-term effect. David (2002) believes they were roughly 7000 death cases at Bhopal. Baines (1993) mentioned other short-term effects at Bhopal such as difficulty and eye irritation. Similar symptoms appeared on Seveso survivors. Added to this, Shrivastava (1996) points out that people exposed to the released gas had some other short-effects such as cough, vomiting and chest pains. Long-term effects at Bhopal mainly were eye-sight weakness and high possibility of getting different kinds of Cancer. No long-term effects are in detail in â€Å"The long road to recovery†, (B. De Marchi, S. Funtowicz, and J. Ravetz 1996), neither in â€Å"Environmental Disasters†, (Baines 1993). These disasters had involved so many people, some were dead, and some were seriously injured . Also, some people may have a great risk of getting the negative effect in their rest of lives. Due to these happened , there must be someone stand up and taking the responsibility for the huge damages and waste . In the disaster of Bhopal , the company which involved in was union Carbide , this company in USA was decreased their value of stocks by this failure. Furthermore, the Union Carbide in India has to accept to pay the funding for the patients and for the damages. Even though, the American company against to accept the legal responsibility which done by themselves. But, the local government and a lot of lawyers have sued the company, and they won the beat, so they got the funding for the injured families and hospitals. (â€Å"Bhopal India† DIS Covering Science). In contrast, according to â€Å"The long road to recovery†, by B. De Marchi, S. Funtowicz, and J. Ravetz (1996), the company of the Seveso had paid for the hospitals and government and any hurt, and they will be more concern about how to do the securities very carefully and reasonable. To avoiding these things happen again, every people and individuals have done something to prevent these kinds of disasters. First of all, according to the articles, local government had legislate some issues for caring the chemicals and warning people who were working with the chemicals must pay a lot of attentions on it. Also, the companies which producing the chemicals have to be located far from the high proportions of people in the neighborhoods and providing the knowledge for hospitals about how to cure the chemical disease. In conclusion, every one and society have to do something to avoid the disaster happen, because no one wants to die or wants to see other people dead. So, from these two disasters, People have studied how to prevent the disaster happen, and not just blame some one to take responsibility after the disasters. Even though these two serious events had happened years ago, it still named the one of the worst industrial disaster in the world, because many innocent people were died for it, and too many people had to injure the painful during their rest of lives. Essay Foundation 001 Academic writing Comparing and contrast the chemical disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy Student full name: Li Fei Lu (Lulu) Teacher: Chris Beard Essay length: 1190 words Reference A chronology of events at Seveso and Seveso adapted from B. De Marchi, S. Funtowicz, and J. Ravertz (1996) Seveso: A paradoxical classic in The long road discovery: Community responses to industrial disaster Edited by James K. Mitchell: United nations University Press. â€Å"Bhopal, India. † DISCovering Science. Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Reproduced in student Resource Center. Detroit: Gale, 2004. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/SRC downloaded 26 November 2004 Cancer fears haunt survivors of Italian chemical disaster (1997) Cancer Weekly Plus Retrieved January 23, 2005, from the Expanded Academic Database David, L (2002) Night of the Gas New Internationalist p34 (2) p9 Retrieved January 23, 2005, from the Expanded Academic Database Shrivastava, P (1996) Long-term recovery from the Bhopal crisis in The long road to recovery: Community responses to industrial disaster Edited by James K. Mitchell: United Nations University Press (adapted)

Analysis of Nigerian Business Environment Essays

Analysis of Nigerian Business Environment Essays Analysis of Nigerian Business Environment Paper Analysis of Nigerian Business Environment Paper Essay Topic: Renewable energy The project concerns the investigation of the current renewable energy market entry and opportunities for Finnish mall and medium-sized enterprises (Seems) in the Nigerian economy. The goals is to support growth and accelerate the internationalization of small and medium-sized Finnish renewable energy companies within developing countries and to determine how they can achieve market entry in the renewable energy resource business in Nigeria. There is great demand for electricity in the country due to its high consumption, and this thesis will study the demand for renewable energy resources in Nigeria, identify the main competitors and discover the best periods for market entry in Nigeria. A qualitative method of analysis was used in this thesis project, and a questionnaire survey was sent to three energy organizations in Nigeria. These included the International Centre for Energy, Environment Development; the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ACNE); and the Council for Renewable Energy in Nigeria. The investigation of this thesis project provides information needed to establish renewable energy in rural and urban areas in Nigeria. The Nigerian government is encouraging energy companies to invest in the country and special energy policies for foreign investors have been organized, such as a ax reduction plan for energy investors, and the relaxing of energy policy. Nigeria is a nation with great potential for renewable energy solutions, such as sunlight which might be productive for solar power solution, and plentiful bio-waste for biomass energy production. The key research questions are as follows: Is it advisable for the Finnish renewable energy companies invest in Nigeria? What renewable energy sources have a better potential to be a growing and developing investment in Nigeria? 8 1. 2 Methodology The method used in thesis projects is qualitative research method, which can be refers as scientific researches that consist of investigation that collect evidence, produce findings that are undetermined in advance, need answers to a question, producing informations that are application beyond the immediate areas of study and use a predefined set of procedures to answer the question. It is also important for information collections to maintain clear boundaries between information they received by the participant and what they ask the participant. Furthermore, questionnaire was carefully prepared and directed to renewable energy Nos (International Centre for Energy, Environment Development and Council for Renewable Energy in Nigeria) and the Nigerian government organization called the Ministry of Energy. The questionnaire was vital for the aims and objectives of the thesis as part of the CONNECT project requirement. Majority of the questions asked were related to the PESTLES actors. The questionnaire format is related to questions based on suggestions, energy situation and government incentives and support in establishing a company in the Nigerian market. The questionnaires are based on their understanding of the energy situation, the availability of renewable energy resources, the level of energy competition companies in the country, the economic and environmental competitive, which were sent to them, via their email address and there was also a follow up by telephone in other to hastening them for responses. The investigation of this thesis project revives information needed to establish renewable energy in the rural and urban areas that are in need of energy in the country. Literature reviews is still part of the methodology used in the PESTLE analysis of the project where information are being gathered from different sources, documented, evaluated and presented. 1. 3 Key definition Renewable energy can be refers to as a natural energy at which its energy supply is limited. Renewable energy can never run and can be used again and again. Renewable energy has been in use for so many years in different ways. An example is how the primordial human used the application of wind for sailing; rather the same wind is now used for electricity generation in the modern era. 9 Some of the renewable energy resources are as follows. Wood, Biomass, Wind, Hydro, Wave, geothermal, tidal and solar. (Clean Energy Ideas, 201 2) 1. 4 Structure of the thesis Figure 1 Thesis structure The Introduction and Objectives of the thesis was described in chapter one. In chapter TV, PESTLE analysis of Nigeria has been examined. In chapter three, the energy market situation in general and rates Of demand and supply was analyzed. In chapter four, the renewable energy market demand, its vital resources have been concluded. In the chapter five, research method analysis was conducted via interview questions to different organizations related to renewable energy business. 2 The Business Operating environment in Nigeria (PESTLE Analysis) The PESTLE factors consist of the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal. It is a strategic technique that gives useful information for analyzing the environmental tension in a particular environment. For example, in this project, it means to analyze the Nigerian equines operating macro environment for renewable energy opportunities. 10 Figure 2: PESTLE analysis political Factors refers to changes in government impact, its priorities for the Nigerian relationships with other countries which closes or open the market bond between them which includes the forms of government, bureaucracy, international relationship, corruption, public ownership right and many more. Economy factors refers on how the economics of a particular place can affect business such as changes in wage rate, inflation, Economic stability, employment rate, labor force, division of income. Social Factors refers to changes in trends which include lifestyles, behavior, attitude, business culture, cultural changes, family change, demographics and expectations. Technological factors refers to as the level of technology in Nigeria which will helps with the introduction of renewable energy solution in the country which Includes, electricity, infrastructures and modern communications. Environmental factors includes geographical sites and locations, climatic changes, natural resources related to renewable energy solutions, level of infrastructures, Public opinion, cost implications and frequency of environmental catastrophe. 11 Legal factors includes the Nigerian rules and regulations related to energy, Cocoas and African union legislations and Nigeria directives 2. 1 Political factors 2. 1. Politics and Administration Nigeria is a republic nation which operates a Federal system of government, with three different authorities- The Federal, State and the Local government. The division of power is among the three arms of government. The Federal Government consist of the Judiciary which interprets the laws, for examples supreme court, court of appeal and the district court; the executive enforces ND carry out the laws, for example federal and the legislature makes the laws for example senate and house of representative. The state government consist of (36 States including the Federal Capital Territory Baja) some of the states in the northern Region consist of Kane, Sudan, Sotto, Born, Dammar, Catkins, Gumbo, Samara and others can be shown on the map. The western region consists of Lagos, Gun, Indo, Sun, Kite, Oho, Awkward etc. The states in the South and East consist of ABA, Belays, Delta, Umbra, Rivers Imo; Ensue (Teach anywhere 2009). Figure 3: Map of Nigeria 12 The Nigeria government consists of 774 local government areas (CIA 2012). The political terrain is becoming attractive to business in Nigeria since the country became a democratic system in the year 1999. For the past 13 years, Nigeria has been experiencing an uninterrupted democracy and the latest election was held from the month of April to June 2011 which was a democratic form of choosing a representative to the Nigerian government and its various States. Those elected on the federal level are the head of states (The President and Vice President) and legislature system which is (National Assembly). The Nigerian President is elected by the People via election voting system. The national assembly is a form of two chambers, House of Representatives with 360 seats and the Senate which has 109 seats and all are elected for a four years term each. The political terrain is becoming positive except for the northern region of Nigeria that is experiencing instability due to religions unrest, security operatives are deployed to the region in other to neutralized the situation and the government have begun in negotiating with the religious crisis cabals (BOOK HARM) in the northern region in other to address the annoyance of he group which will improve the business day to day in the region. The southern region of Nigeria is very suitable for businesses day to day which control the economy power of the country. 2. 1. 2 Government Policy The government policy in Nigeria varies in different situations, for example changes in government regime every four years. According to the Industry analysis in Nigeria, government policies usually have a great impact.

India and the big Retailers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

India and the big Retailers - Essay Example Introduction: After the agricultural industry, retailing is the largest private and employing industry in India. This sector has a major contribution in India’s economy that is 10% of GDP and 6-7% of employment is derived from this sector. Much reorganization is seen in this sector in the past decade from small unorganized family owned retailers developed to organized retailing mainly by liberalization of the economy, expansion in consumerism, investment in retail infrastructure, entrance of many foreign retailers through cash and carry, franchising, local manufacturing, test marketing etc. India has been seen as a very attractive destination for the flow of FDIs and many foreign companies are willing to benefit from the advantages India has to offer. (MUKHERJEE & PATEL. 2005) On the other hand, resistance and protest against the entrance of the FDIs in retailing in India have been seen by the local trading associations and other stakeholders. Due to entrance of foreign compet ition in the retail market local trade is affected too and it has an effect on the employment, prices, technology, and efficiencies etc in Indian economy and market which have been the topic of debate recently. (MUKHERJEE & PATEL. 2005; GURUSWAM, SHARMA, MOHANTY, & KORAH. ... These super markets are usually situated main markets, malls and localities and due to economies of scale achieved in the purchasing and logistics, they offer highly competitive prices to the customers. The key local players in this segment in India are Nilgiris, FoodWorld, Big Baazar, and Subhiksha, these are comparatively smaller in sizes as compared to international super markets covering around an area of 3,000 to 4,000 sq. feet which is not even the half of what international super markets offer. (MUKHERJEE & PATEL. 2005; HOLLENSEN. 2011) Most of the retail stores internationally have reached at saturation points which has made them look towards the emerging markets like India, many of them has entered and many plans the expansion. Though after liberalization it isn’t easy for the international chains to enter Indian economy because foreign retailers are restricted to open single brand store with 51% ownership and to operate as a wholesaler they have to operate as 100%. T he first one to enter Indian market was Metro Group of Germany which established with a cash and carry format in 2003. Other big names Wal-Mart of USA and Tesco from UK also followed with their wholesale retail division. Apart from these giant wholesale retail companies other big names in retail like Nike, ZARA and Adidas established themselves in the Indian market. (MORSCHETT ET AL.2011; PLUNKETT.2008) Growth in the Retail Industry: In the past few years immense growth is seen in the retail sector due to liberalization in the 1990s when reduction in custom duties and a shift from quota to tariff based system. Due to the removal of barriers for entrance in the market, many multinationals entered India. Because of the increase in